Light-emitting diodes, more commonly called LEDs, are known for their energy efficiency and durability. But the bluish, cold light of current white LEDs has precluded their widespread use for indoor lighting. Now, with a critical assist from the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science’s Advanced Photon Source (APS), scientists have fabricated what is thought to be the world's first LED that emits a warm white light using a single light-emitting material, or phosphor, with a single emitting center for illumination. The material is described in detail the journal Light: Science and Applications.
"Right now, white LEDs are mainly used in flashlights and in automotive lamps, but they give off a bluish, cool light that people tend to dislike, especially in indoor lighting," said the article’s senior author, Zhengwei Pan, an associate professor in the department of physics in the University of Georgia, Athens (UGA). "Our material achieves a warm color temperature while at the same time giving highly accurate color rendition, which is something no single-phosphor-converted LED has ever been shown to do."
Two main variables are used to assess the quality of artificial light, Pan said. Correlated color temperature measures the coolness or warmth of a light, and temperatures of less than 4,000 K are ideal for indoor lighting. Correlated color temperatures above 5,000 K, on the other hand, give off the bluish color that white LEDs are known for. The other important measure, color rendition, is the ability of a light source to replicate natural light. A value of more than 80 is ideal for indoor lighting, with lower values resulting in colors that don't seem true to life.
The material that Pan and his colleagues fabricated meets both thresholds, with a correlated color temperature of less than 4,000 K and a color rendering index of 85.
Warm white light can commonly be achieved with a blue LED chip coated with light-emitting materials, or phosphors, of different emitting colors to create what are called phosphor-based white LEDs, Pan said. Combining the source materials in an exact ratio can be difficult and costly, however, and the resulting color often varies because each of the source materials responds differently to temperature variations.
"The use of a single phosphor solves the problem of color stability because the color quality doesn't change with increasing temperatures," said lead author Xufan Li, a doctoral student in the UGA College of Engineering.
To create the new phosphor, Pan and his team combine minute quantities of europium oxide with aluminum oxide, barium oxide and graphite powders. They then heat the powdered materials at 1,450° C (2,642° F) in a tube furnace. The vacuum of the furnace pulls the vaporized materials onto a substrate, where they are deposited as a yellow luminescent compound. When the yellow luminescent compound is encapsulated in a bulb and illuminated by a blue LED chip, the result is a warm white light.
The team of researchers from UGA, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Georgia Southern University, and Argonne National Laboratory utilized three separate x-ray beamlines at the APS at Argonne. On X-ray Science Division (XSD) beamline 20-BM-B they measured the chemical state of the light-emitting europium ions in the phosphor utilizing x-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy on Eu L3-edge. The crystal structures of the synthesized phosphores were examined using x-ray powder diffraction and synchrotron x-ray diffraction (XRD) at XSD beamline 1-BM-B. Finally, the crystal structures were also measured using polychromatic synchrotron x-ray Laue microdiffraction at XSD beamline 34-IDE.
Although his team's results are promising, Pan emphasized that there are still hurdles to be overcome before the material is used to light homes, businesses, and schools. The efficiency of the new material is much lower than that of today's bluish-white LEDs. Scaling the production to an industrial scale will be challenging as well, since even slight variations in temperature and pressure in the phosphor synthesis process result in materials with different luminescent colors.
The new yellow phosphor also has a new lattice structure that has not been reported before. The researchers currently are working to discern how the ions in the compound are arranged in hopes that a better understanding of the compound at an atomic level will allow them to improve its efficiency.
"We still have more work to do," Pan said, "but the color temperature and rendition that we have achieved gives us a very good starting point."
See: Xufan Li1, John D. Budai2, Feng Liu1, Jane Y. Howe2, Jiahua Zhang3, Xiao-Jun Wang4, Zhanjun Gu3, Chengjun Sun5, Richard S. Meltzer1, and Zhengwei Pan1*, “New yellow Ba0.93Eu0.07Al2O4 phosphor for warm-white light-emitting diodes through single-emitting-center conversion,” Light: Sci. Appl. 2, e50 (2013). DOI:10.1038/lsa.2013.6
Author affiliations: 1University of Georgia, Athens, 2Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 3Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4Georgia Southern University, 5Argonne National Laboratory
Correspondence: *panz@uga.edu
Z.W.P. acknowledges funding by the U.S. National Science Foundation (CAREER DMR-0955908). Z.J.G. acknowledges support by the National Basic Research Programs of China (973 program, No. 2012CB932504). J.D.B. was supported by the Materials Sciences and Engineering Division, Basic Energy Sciences Program, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE). Use of the Advanced Photon Source at Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the U.S. DOE Office of Science under Contract No. DE-AC02-06CH11357.
The original UGA press release by Sam Fahmy can be found here.
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